Guidelines To Halal Food Additives
Food Ingredients
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E-Numbers represent specific food additives, used by the food industry in the manufacture of various food products. These E-Numbers have been formulated by the European Economic Community (EEC) and are universally adopted by the food industry worldwide.
The E numbering system was developed in order to keep track of massive amounts of additives available in the market and became a legal requirement on packaging in the 1980s. E stands for European and thus denotes that additives tagged with an E number has passed safety tests and has been granted use in the European Union.
In order to standardize and avoid confusion, each additive is assigned its own unique number. At a later stage, the numbering system was adapted for international use by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, hence the International Numbering System (INS) was born. INS maintains the same number for each additive but without the E.
Food additives can be divided into several groups, although there is some overlap between them. Please refer Glossary below for brief detail on each category.
E/INS Numbers Category
wdt_ID | E/INS Number | Category Of Food Additives |
---|---|---|
1 | 100-199 | Colours |
2 | 200-299 | Preservatives |
3 | 300-399 | Antioxidants, phosphates, and complexing agents |
4 | 400-499 | Thickeners, gelling agents, phosphates, humectants, emulsifiers |
5 | 500-599 | Salts and related compounds |
6 | 600-699 | Flavor enhancers |
7 | 700-899 | Not used for food additives (used for feed additives) |
8 | 900-999 | Surface coating agents, gases, sweeteners |
9 | 1000-1399 | Various food additives |
10 | 1400-1499 | Artificial starch |
Glossary
wdt_ID | Name | Description |
---|---|---|
1 | Food Acids | Food acids are added to make flavours “sharper”, and also act as preservatives and antioxidants. Common food acids include vinegar, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid. |
2 | Acidity Regulators | Acidity regulators are used to change or otherwise control the acidity and alkalinity of foods. |
3 | Anticaking Agents | Anticaking agents keep powders such as milk powder flowing freely. |
4 | Antifoaming Agents | Antifoaming agents reduce or prevent foaming in foods. |
5 | Antioxidants | Antioxidants such as vitamin C act as preservatives by inhibiting the effects of oxygen on food, and are generally beneficial to health. |
6 | Bulking Agents | Bulking agents such as starch are additives that increase the bulk of a food without affecting its nutritional value. |
7 | Food Colouring | Colourings are added to food to replace colours lost during preparation, or to make food look more attractive. |
8 | Colour Retention | In contrast to colourings, colour retention agents are used to preserve a food’s existing colour. |
9 | Emulsifiers | Emulsifiers allow water and oils to remain mixed together in an emulsion, as in mayonnaise, ice cream, and homogenised milk. |
10 | Flavours | Flavours are additives that give food a particular taste or smell, and may be derived from natural ingredients or created artificially. |
11 | Flavour Enhancers | Flavour enhancers enhance a food’s existing flavours. |
12 | Flour Treatment Agents | Flour treatment agents are added to flour to improve its colour or its use in baking. |
13 | Humectants | Humectants prevent foods from drying out. |
14 | Preservatives | Preservatives prevent or inhibit spoilage of food due to fungi, bacteria and other microorganisms. |
15 | Propellants | Propellants are pressurised gases used to expel food from its container. |
16 | Stabilizers | Stabilizers, thickeners and gelling agents, like agar or pectin (used in jam for example) give foods a firmer texture. While they are not true emulsifiers, they help to stabilize emulsions. |
17 | Sweeteners | Sweeteners are added to foods for flavouring. Sweeteners other than sugar are added to keep the food energy (calories) low, or because they have beneficial effects for diabetes mellitus and tooth decay. |
18 | Thickeners | Thickeners are substances which, when added to the mixture, increase its viscosity without substantially modifying its other properties. |
19 | Binder | Substances that may be added to food to thicken or improve its texture. |
20 | Food | Includes every article manufactured, sold or represented for use as food or drink for human consumption or which enters into or is used in the composition, preparation, and preservation, of any food or drink and includes confectionery, chewing substances and any ingredient of such food, drink, confectionery or chewing substances. |
21 | Gelling Agent | Substances which are capable of forming a jelly. Many of the gelling agents may be used in a stabilizing capacity but not all stabilizers are capable of setting into a jelly. |
22 | Glazing Agent | Substances which either provide a shiny appearance or polish on the food, or provide a protective coat or both. |
23 | Halal | Things or actions permitted by Islamic Shariah Law without punishment imposed on the doer. |
24 | Haram | An Arabic word which means unlawful or prohibited by Islamic Laws. |
25 | Microbes | Any living organism that spends its life at a size too tiny to be seen with the naked eye. Microbes include bacteria and archaebacteria, protists, some fungi and even some very tiny animals that are too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope. Viruses and the recently discovered prions are also considered microbes. The term microbe is short for microorganism, which means small organism. Microbes are grouped or classified in various ways and they are extremely diverse and represent all the great kingdoms of life, including the animals, plants, fungi, protists and bacteria. In fact, in term of numbers, most of the diversity of life on Earth is represented by microbes. |
26 | Raising Agents | Substances added to flour mixtures to make them lighter and more open in texture , therefore more pleasant to eat and easier to digest. Raising agents are either gases; e.g. air, or substances from which gases are produced; e.g. baking powder, bicarbonate of soda and sour milk. Self raising flour contains raising agents and is used in place of plain flour with no additional raising agent added. |
27 | Sequestrant | substances capable of attaching themselves to the trace metals such as calcium, iron or copper. |
Halal Food Additives Table
List Of Halal Food Additives By E/INS Number
This list of Halal E-Codes guide is based on Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM), a federal government agency in Malaysia that administers Islamic affairs in Malaysia.
E-Code / INS | Name of Additive | Source | Technical Function | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|
100 | Tumeric (Curcumin) | Plant | Colour | Orange-yellow colouring extract ed from the rhizome of a plant of the Ginger family called Curcuma longa (tumeric). |
102 | Tartrazine/FD&C Yellow 5 | Chemical | Colour | Synthetic yellow colouring. |
104 | Quinoline Yellow | Chemical | Colour | Synthetic dull yellow colouring. |
110 | Sunset Yellow FCF/FD&C Yellow 6 | Chemical | Colour | Synthetic yellow colouring. |
120 | Carmines | Insect | Colour | Natural red colouring which may be extracted from the bodies of female Insects called Dactilopius coccus (Level Allowed 0.003 – 0.006). |
122 | Carmoisine / Azorubine | Chemical | Colour | Synthetic red colouring. |
123 | Amaranth / FD&C Red 2 | Chemical | Colour | Synthetic purplish red colouring. |
124 | Ponceau 4R / FD&C Red A | Chemical | Colour | Synthetic red colouring. |
127 | Erythrosine / FD&C Red 3 | Chemical | Colour | Cherry pink to red colouring. |
128 | Red 2G | Chemical | Colour | Synthetic red colouring. |
129 | Allura Red AC / Food Red 17 / FD&C Red 40 | Chemical | Colour | Synthetic red colouring. |
132 | Indigotine / FD&C Blue 2 | Chemical | Colour | Synthetic blue colouring. |
133 | Brilliant Blue FCF / FD&C Blue 1 | Chemical | Colour | Synthetic blue colouring. |
140 | Chlorophyll | Plant | Colour | Natural olive to dark green colouring found in many plants. |
141 | Copper Complexes of Chlorophyll | Plant | Colour | Olive green colouring which is derived from the substitution of magnesium ion in chlorophyll with copper. |
142 | Green S / Acid Brilliant Green BS / Food Green S / Lissamine Green | Chemical | Colour | Synthetic green colouring. |
143 | Fast Green FCF | Chemical | Colour | Synthetic green colouring. |
150 | Caramel | Plant | Colour | Dark brown colouring prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (e.g. glucose syrup, sucrose). |
151 | Brilliant Black PN | Chemical | Colour | Synthetic black colouring. |
155 | Brown HT / Chocolate Brown HT | Chemical | Colour | Synthetic brown colouring. |
160 | Carotene | Plant | Colour | Natural carotene, an orange-yellow colouring, contains mainly beta-carotene which has vitamin A as its natural degradation product. Chemically extracted from carrots, green leafy vegetables and tomatoes. |
160 | Annatto | Plant | Colour | Yellow to peach colouring naturally found in the pericarp (seed coat) of the Annatto tree. |
160 | Capsanthin / Capsorubin / Paprika extract | Plant | Colour | Red to orange colouring prepared from the fruit pods and seeds of capsicum anum. |
160 | Lycopene | Plant | Colour | Natural red colouring extracted from tomatoes. |
161 | Lutein | Plant | Colour | Natural yellow to reddish colouring from plant extract. |
161 | Cryptoxanthin | Plant / Animal | Colour | Yellow colouring present in plant, orange rind, egg yolk and butter. |
161 | Rubixanthin | Plant | Colour | Yellow colouring present in rosehips. |
161 | Violaxanthin | Chemical | Colour | Yellow colouring taken from plants e.g. yellow pansies. |
161 | Rhodoxanthin | Plant | Colour | Yellow colouring found in the seeds of the yew tree. |
162 | Beet Red / Betanin / Betanidin | Plant | Colour | Deep purplish-red colouring extracted from beetroot and other plant sources. |
163 | Anthocyanins | Plant | Colour | Red, blue colouring extracted from grape-skin and/or other plant sources. |
171 | Titanium Dioxide | Natural mineral | Colour | White colouring prepared from naturally occurring mineral. |
172 | Iron Oxides / Iron Oxide, Black / Iron Oxide, Yellow / Iron Oxide, Red | Natural mineral | Colour | Yellow, red, orange, brown and black colouring from naturally occurring pigments of iron. |
173 | Aluminium salts (lakes) | Natural Chemical | Colour | Naturally occurring metallic colour from bauxite colouring from plant extract. |
200 | Sorbic Acid | Plant / Chemical | Preservative | Naturally occurring in some fruits or synthetically manufactured. |
201 | Sodium Sorbate | Chemical | Preservative | Manufactured by neutralization of sorbic acid (E200). |
202 | Potassium Sorbate | Chemical | Preservative | Manufactured by neutralization of sorbic acid (E200). |
203 | Calcium Sorbate | Chemical | Preservative | Manufactured by neutralization of sorbic acid (E200). |
210 | Benzoic Acid | Plant / Chemical | Preservative | Naturally occurring in many edible berries, fruits and vegetables or synthetically produced. |
211 | Sodium Benzoate | Plant / Chemical | Preservative | Sodium salt of benzoic acid (E210). |
212 | Potassium Benzoate | Plant / Chemical | Preservative | Potassium salt of benzoic acid (E210). |
213 | Calcium Benzoate | Plant / Chemical | Preservative | Calsium salt of benzoic acid (E210). |
214 | Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate / Ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate | Plant / Chemical | Preservative | Manufactured from benzoic acid (E210). |
215 | Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, Sodium Salt / Sodium Ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate | Plant / Chemical | Preservative | Manufactured from benzoic acid (E210). |
216 | Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate / Propylparaben | Plant / Chemical | Preservative | Manufactured from benzoic acid (E210). |
217 | Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, Sodium Salt | Plant / Chemical | Preservative | Manufactured from benzoic acid (E210). |
218 | Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate / Methylparaben | Plant / Chemical | Preservative | Manufactured from benzoic acid (E210). |
219 | Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, Sodium Salt | Plant / Chemical | Preservative | Manufactured from benzoic acid (E210). |
220 | Sulphur Dioxide | Chemical | Preservative / Antioxidant | Manufactured by the combustion of sulphur or gypsum. |
221 | Sodium Sulphite | Chemical | Preservative | Sodium salt of sulphurous acid. |
222 | Sodium Hydrogen Sulphite / Sodium Bisulphite | Chemical | Preservative | Sodium salt of sulphurous acid. |
223 | Sodium Metabisulphite | Chemical | Preservative | Sodium salt of sulphurous acid. |
224 | Potassium Metabisulphite / Potassium Pyrosulphite | Chemical | Preservative | Potassium salt of sulphurous acid. |
225 | Potassium Sulphite | Chemical | Preservative | Potassium salt of sulphurous acid. |
226 | Calcium Sulphite | Chemical | Preservative | Calcium salt of sulphurous acid. |
227 | Calcium Hydrogen Sulphite / Calcium Bisulphite | Chemical | Preservative | Calcium salt of sulphurous acid. |
234 | Nisin | Microbes | Preservative | Produced by bacteria such as Lactococcus lactis. |
235 | Natamycin / Primaricin | Microbes | Preservative | Produced by bacteria such as Streptomyces natalensis. |
239 | Hexamine | Chemical | Preservative | Manufactured from formaldehyde and ammonia. |
250 | Sodium Nitrite | Chemical | Preservative / Colour fixative | Manufactured from sodium nitrate. |
251 | Sodium Nitrate | Natural mineral | Preservative / Colour fixative | Naturally occurring mineral. |
260 | Acetic Acid | Chemical | Preservative / Acidity Regulator | Commercially manufactured by the action of methanol and carbon monoxide. Acetic acid is the major acid in vinegar. |
261 | Potassium Acetate | Chemical | Preservative / Acidity Regulator | Potassium salt of acetic acid (E260). |
262 | Sodium Acetate | Chemical | Preservative / Acidity Regulator | Sodium salt of acetic acid (E260). |
263 | Calcium acetate | Chemical | Preservative / Acidity Regulator / Stabilizer | Calcium salt of acetic acid (E260). |
264 | Ammonium Acetate | Chemical | Preservative / Acidity Regulator | Ammonium salt of acetic acid (E260). |
280 | Propionic Acid | Chemical | Preservative | Commercially derived from gas industrially. Propionic acid is usually made from the air oxidation of propionaldehyde in the presence of cobalt or manganese ions. Also prepared synthetically from ethyl alcohol and carbon monoxide. |
281 | Sodium Propionate | Chemical | Preservative | Sodium salt of propionic acid (E280). |
282 | Calcium Propionate | Chemical | Preservative | Calsium salt of propionate acid (E280). |
283 | Potassium Propionate | Chemical | Preservative | Potassium salt of propionate acid (E280). |
290 | Carbon Dioxide | Chemical | Propellant | Chemically produced by acid-carbonate reaction. |
296 | Malic Acid (D- or L-) | Chemical / Plant | Acidity Regulator | Comercially synthesized by heating maleic acid with sulphuric acid or extracted from plant. |
297 | Fumaric Acid | Plant | Acidity Regulator | Comercially prepared by glucose fermentation using fungi such as Rhizopus nigricans. |
300 | Ascorbic Acid (L-) | Plant / Chemical | Antioxidant | Occurs naturally in many fruits and vegetables or synthetically produced by hydrogenation of glucose to sorbitol or by fermentation. |
301 | Sodium Ascorbate | Plant / Chemical | Antioxidant | Sodium salt of ascorbic acid (E300). |
302 | Calcium Ascorbate | Plant / Chemical | Antioxidant | Synthetic calcium salt of ascorbic acid (E300). |
303 | Potassium Ascorbate | Plant / Chemical | Antioxidant | Synthetic potassium salt of ascorbic acid (E300). |
304 | Ascorbyl Palmitate | Plant / Chemical | Antioxidant | Ascorbic acid ester comprising ascorbic acid and palmitic acid. |
306 | Mixed Tocopherols Concentrate | Plant | Antioxidant | Extracted from plant as in palm oil. |
307 | Alpha-Tocopherol | Plant | Antioxidant | Extracted from plant as in palm oil. |
308 | Gamma-Tocopherol | Plant | Antioxidant | Extracted from plant as in palm oil. |
309 | Delta-Tocopherol | Plant | Antioxidant | Extracted from plant as in palm oil. |
310 | Propyl Gallate | Plant / Chemical | Antioxidant | Manufactured from gallic acid found in the tannins of nut galls or produced from the hydrolysis of tannase. |
311 | Octyl Gallate | Plant / Chemical | Antioxidant | Manufactured from gallic acid found in the tannins of nut galls or produced from the hydrolysis of tannase. |
312 | Dodecyl Gallate | Plant / Chemical | Antioxidant | Manufactured from gallic acid found in the tannins of nut galls or produced from the hydrolysis of tannase. |
317 | Erythorbic Acid / Iso-Ascorbic Acid | Plant / Microbes | Antioxidant | Commercially produced from sucrose by fermentation with Penicillium sp. |
318 | Sodium Erythorbate / Sodium Iso-Ascorbate | Chemical | Antioxidant | Sodium salt of erythorbic acid (E317). |
319 | Tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) | Chemical | Antioxidant | Synthetically produced. |
320 | Butylated Hydroxy-anisole (BHA) | Chemical | Antioxidant | Synthetically produced. |
321 | Butylated Hydroxy-toluene (BHT) | Chemical | Antioxidant | Synthetically produced. |
322 | Lecithins | Plant / Animal | Emulsifier / Antioxidant | Obtained commercially from soy beans and egg yolks. |
330 | Citric Acid | Plant / Microbes | Food Acid | Commercially prepared by the fermentation of molasses with fungal strains of Aspergillus niger or isolated from pineapple by-products and low-grade lemons. |
331 | Sodium Dihydrogen Citrates | Chemical | Acidity Regulator / Sequestrant / Emulsifier / Stabilizer | Sodium salt of citric acid (E330). |
332 | Potassium Citrates | Chemical | Acidity Regulator / Sequestrant / Emulsifier / Stabilizer | Potassium salt of citric acid (E330). |
333 | Calcium Citrate | Chemical | Acidity Regulator / Firming Agent / Sequestrant | Calcium salt of citric acid (E330). |
338 | Phosphoric Acid | Chemical | Acidity Regulator / Antioxidant Synergist | Manufactured from phosphate ore. |
339 | Sodium Phosphates | Chemical | Acidity Regulator / Sequestrant / Emulsifier / Texturizer / Stabilizer / Water Retention Agent | Sodium salt of phosphate. |
340 | Potassium Phosphates | Chemical | Acidity Regulator / Sequestrant / Emulsifier / Texturizer / Stabilizer / Water Retention Agent | Potassium salt of phosphoric acid (E338). |
341 | Calcium Phosphates | Chemical | Mineral Salt | Calcium salt of phosphoric acid (E338). |
343 | Magnesium Phosphates | Natural mineral | Mineral Salt | Naturally occurring mineral. |
350 | Sodium Malate / Sodium Hydrogen Malate | Natural mineral | Food Acid | Sodium salt of malic acid (E296). |
351 | Potassium Malate | Chemical | Food Acid | Potassium salt of malic acid (E296). |
352 | Calcium Malate / Calcium Hydrogen Malate | Chemical | Food Acid | Calcium salt of malic acid (E296). |
355 | Adipic Acid | Chemical | Buffer | Commercially produced by oxidizing cyclohexanol with concentrated nitric acid. |
357 | Potassium Adipate | Chemical | Buffer | Potassium salt of adipic acid (E355). |
363 | Succinic Acid | Chemical | Buffer / Food | Commercially prepared from acetic acid (E260). |
365 | Sodium Fumarate | Chemical | Food Acid | Sodium salt of fumaric acid (E297). |
366 | Potassium Fumarate | Chemical | Food Acid | Potassium salt of fumaric acid (E297). |
367 | Calcium Fumarate | Chemical | Food Acid | Calcium salt of fumaric acid (E297). |
380 | Tri-ammonium Citrate | Chemical | Buffer | Ammonium salt of citric acid (E330). |
381 | Ammonium Ferric Citrate | Chemical | Dietary Supplement | Prepared from citric acid (E330). |
384 | Isopropyl Citrates | Chemical | Antioxidant / Preservative / Sequestrant | Prepared from citric acid (E330). |
385 | Calcium Disodium EDTA | Chemical | Chelating Agent | Synthetically prepared. |
400 | Alginic Acid | Plant | Thickener | Extracted from brown seaweeds such as the species of Laminaria, Macrocystis and Ascophyllum. |
401 | Sodium Alginate | Plant | Thickener | Sodium salt of alginic acid (E400). |
402 | Potassium Alginate | Plant | Thickener | Potassium salt of alginic acid (E400). |
403 | Ammonium Alginate | Plant | Thickener | Ammonium salt of alginic acid (E400). |
404 | Calcium Alginate | Plant | Thickener | Calcium salt of alginic acid (E400). |
405 | Propylene Glycol Alginate | Plant | Thickener / Emulsifier | Ester of alginic acid (E400). |
406 | Agar | Plant | Thickener / Gelling Agent / Stabilizer | Extracted from red seaweeds such as Gelidium amansii. |
407 | Carrageenan | Plant | Thickener / Gelling Agent / Stabilizer | Occurs naturally in red seaweeds belonging to the Gigartinaceae, Solieriaceae, Hypnaceae and Furcellariaceae families. |
408 | Bakers Yeast Glycan | Microbes | Thickener / Stabilizer | Dried cell walls of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. |
410 | Carob Bean Gum (Locust Bean Gum) | Plant | Thickener / Stabilizer | Extracted from the Locust or Carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua). |
412 | Guar Gum | Plant | Thickener / Stabilizer | Extracted from seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, or Cyamopsis psoraloides. |
413 | Tragacanth Gum | Plant | Thickener / Stabilizer / Emulsifier | Extracted from the trunk and branches of Astragalus gummifier and other species of pea family. |
414 | Gum Arabic (Acacia Gum) | Plant / Natural | Thickener / Stabilizer | Occurs naturally in the stems and branches of Acacia senegal and members of the pea family. |
415 | Xanthan Gum | Microbes | Thickener / Stabilizer | Produced by bacteria Xanthomonas campestris. |
416 | Karaya Gum | Plant | Thickener / Stabilizer | Occurs naturally in the trunk and stem of the tree Sterculia urens. |
418 | Gellan Gum | Plant | Thickener / Gelling Agent / Stabilizer | a high molecular weight polysaccharide gum produced by a pure culture fermentation of a carbohydrate by Pseudomonas elodea. |
420 | Sorbitol and Sorbitol Syrup | Plant | Sweetener / Humectant / Sequestrant / Texturizer / Emulsifier | Commercially produced from glucose by hydrogenation or electrolytic reaction. D-sorbitol occurs widely in nature and is found in apples, peaches, pears and plums. It is produced industrially by the catalytic hydrogenation or by electrolytic reduction of D-glucose. |
421 | Mannitol / Manna Sugar | Plant | Humectant | Prepared from seaweed or manna, the dried exudates of Fraxinus ornus. Commercially prepared by the hydrogenation of invert sugar, monosaccharide and sucrose. |
440 | Pectin | Plant | Thickener / Gelling Agent / Stabilizer | Extracted from apple residue and citrus peel and pith. |
458 | Gamma Cyclodextrin | Plant / Microbes | Stabilizer / Binder | Alpha-cyclodextrin, beta-cyclodextrin and gamma-cyclodextrin are naturally occurring compounds derived from the degradation of starch by enzyme. They are formed naturally from bacteria and synthetically. |
459 | Beta Cyclodextrin | Plant / Microbes | Stabilizer / Binder | Beta-cyclodextrin is naturally occurring compound derived from the degradation of starch by enzyme. They are formed naturally from bacteria and synthetically. |
460 | Powdered Cellulose | Plant / Microbes | Emulsifier / Anticaking Agent / Texturizer / Dispersing Agent | Prepared from the cellulose component of plant cell wall. |
461 | Methylcellulose / Cologel / Methoce | Plant | Thickener | Prepared from plant cellulose. |
463 | Hydroxypropyl Cellulose | Plant | Thickener | Prepared from plant cellulose. |
464 | Hydroxypropyl-Methylcellulose | Plant | Thickener | Prepared from plant cellulose. |
465 | Ethylmethyl Cellulose | Plant | Thickener | Prepared from plant cellulose. |
500 | Sodium Carbonate | Chemical / Natural | Agent / Anticaking Agent | Produced by Solvay process from ammonia, carbon dioxide, water and concentrated brine solution or electrolytically from sea water. |
501 | Potassium Carbonate / Potassium Hydrogen Carbonate | Chemical / Natural | Mineral Salt | Prepared by saturating a concentrated solution of potassium carbonate with carbon dioxide. |
504 | Magnesium Carbonate | Chemical / Natural | Mineral Salt | May be prepared by mixing boiling concentrated solutions of magnesium sulphate and sodium carbonate. |
507 | Hydrochloric Acid | Chemical | Food Acid | Industrially produced by the reaction of sodium chloride and sulphuric acid. |
508 | Potassium Chloride | Natural | Gelling Agent | Naturally occurs as a saline residue associated with rock salt. |
509 | Calcium Chloride | Natural / Chemical | Firming Agent | Obtained as a by-product of the Solvay process and is also a product from natural salt brines. |
510 | Ammonium Chloride | Chemical | Flour Treatment Agent | Synthetically prepared. It is prepared commercially by reacting ammonia with hydrogen chloride. |
511 | Magnesium Chloride | Chemical | Firming Agent | Prepared from magnesium ammonium chloride hexahydrate, in the presence of hydrochloric acid. |
513 | Sulphuric Acid | Chemical | Food Acid | Commercially prepared by the ‘contact’ or ‘chamber’ process. Commercially produced by the contact process (from sulfur dioxide by reaction with oxygen in the presence of a catalyst) and the lead-chamber process (oxidation of sulfur dioxide by nitric acid in the presence of water). |
514 | Sodium Sulphate | Chemical | Diluents | Naturally occurring. |
515 | Potassium Sulphate | Chemical | Salt Substitute | Naturally occurring. |
516 | Calcium Sulphate | Natural | Flour Treatment Agent | Naturally occurring. |
518 | Magnesium Sulphate | Natural | Dietary Supplement / Firming | Naturally occurring. |
519 | Cupric Sulphate / Copper Sulphate | Natural | Preservative / Colour Fixative | Industrially prepared by spraying hot dilute sulphuric acid on to scrap copper in a lead-lined tower. |
524 | Sodium Hydroxide | Chemical | Neutralizing Agent | Prepared by electrolysis from brine or precipitated from sodium carbonate and lime solution. |
525 | Potassium Hydroxide | Chemical | Oxidizing Agent | Industrially prepared by electrolysis of potassium chloride. |
526 | Calcium Hydroxide | Natural | Neutralizing Agent | Prepared by the hydration of lime. |
527 | Ammonium Hydroxide | Natural | Alkali | Prepared from ammonia gas. |
528 | Magnesium Hydroxide | Natural | Alkali | Commercially prepared from magnesite ores. |
529 | Calcium Oxide | Natural | Alkali | Prepared from limestone. |
530 | Magnesium Oxide | Natural | Alkali | Commercially prepared from magnesite ores. |
551 | Silicon Dioxide Amorphous | Natural | Anticaking Agent | Rock-forming mineral and sand which is composed mainly of quartz of flint. |
552 | Calcium Silicate | Natural / Chemical | Neutralizing Agent | Commercially prepared from lime and diatomaceous earth. |
553 | Magnesium Silicate / Magnesium Trisilicate | Natural / Chemical | Anticaking Agent | Synthetic compound of magnesium oxide and silicone dioxide. May also be prepared from sodium silicate and magnesium sulphate. |
553 | Talc | Natural | Anticaking Agent | Naturally occurring mineral. |
554 | Aluminium Sodium Silicate / Sodium Aluminosilicate | Natural | Anticaking Agent | Prepared synthetically from quartz and gibbsite. |
556 | Aluminium Calcium Silicate | Natural | Anticaking Agent | Naturally occuring mineral. |
558 | Bentonite | Natural | Anticaking Agent | Naturally occuring. |
559 | Kaolin | Natural | Anticaking Agent | Naturally occuring. |
575 | Glucono Delta-Lactone | Plant | Sequestrant | Prepared by the oxidation of glucose. |
576 | Sodium Gluconate | Plant | Sequestrant | Sodium salt of gluconic acid (E575). |
577 | Potassium Gluconate | Plant | Sequestrant | Potassium salt of gluconic acid (E575). |
578 | Calcium Gluconate | Plant | Acidity Regulator | Calcium salt of gluconic acid (E575). |
579 | Ferrous Gluconate | Plant / Natural | Colouring / Flavoring | Prepared from barium gluconate and ferrous sulphate. |
620 | L-Glutamic Acid | Plant / Microbes | Flavor Enhancer | Commercially prepared by the fermentation of carbohydrate by a bacterium e.g. Micrococcus glutamicus. |
621 | Monosodium Glutamate / MSG | Plant | Flavor Enhancer | Sodium salt of glutamic acid (E620). |
622 | Monopotassium Glutamate | Plant | Flavor Enhancer | Potassium salt of glutamic acid (E620). |
623 | Calcium Glutamate | Plant | Flavor Enhancer | Calcium salt of glutamic acid (E620). |
627 | Disodium Guanylate | Microbes / Animal / Chemical | Flavor Enhancer | Sodium salt of guanylic acid, a widely occurring nucleotide found in yeast extract and sardines or synthetically prepared. |
636 | Maltol | Plant / Chemical | Flavor Enhancer | Occurrs naturally in the bark of larch trees, pine needles and roasted malt. May also be obtained by the alkaline hydrolysis of streptomycin salt. |
637 | Ethyl Maltol | Plant / Chemical | Flavor Enhancer | Prepared from maltol (E636). |
900 | Polydimethylsiloxane | Chemical | Antifoaming Agent / Anticaking Agent / Emulsifier | A mixture of liquid dimethylpolysiloxane and silicon gel or silicon dioxide. |
900 | Methylphenylpolysiloxane | Chemical | Antifoaming Agent | A mixture of liquid dimethylpolysiloxane and silicon gel or silicon dioxide. |
901 | Beeswax | Animal | Glazing Agent | Naturally occurring from bee honeycomb. White bee wax is bleached and purified. |
903 | Carnauba wax | Plant | Glazing Agent | Obtained from the surface of leaves of Copernicia cerifera (Brazilian wax palm). |
905 | Mineral Oil / Petrolatum | Chemical | Glazing Agent | Distillates of petroleum refining. |
907 | Refined Microcrystalline wax | Chemical | Glazing Agent | Distillates of petroleum refining. |
925 | Chlorine | Chemical | Preservative / Bleaching Agent | Commercially produced by electrolysis process. |
926 | Chlorine Dioxide | Chemical | Flour Treatment Agent | Synthetically prepared. |
927 | Azodicarbonamide | Chemical | Flour Treatment Agent | Synthetically prepared. |
928 | Benzoyl Peroxide | Chemical | Flour Treatment Agent | Perservative Synthetically prepared. |
931 | Nitrogen | Natural / Chemical | Propellant | Industrially produced by the reduction of ammonia or by the fractional distilation of liquid air. |
932 | Nitrous Oxide | Chemical | Propellant | Industrially produced by the thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate. |
950 | Acesulphame Potassium / Sunett | Chemical | Artificial Sweetener | Potassium salt of 6-methyl -1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide. |
954 | Saccharin and its Calcium and Sodium Salts | Chemical | Artificial Sweetener | Chemically synthetized by the reaction of o-chlorotoluene. |
957 | Thaumatin | Plant | Artificial Sweetener | Derived from an African plant called Thaumococcus danielli. |
965 | Hydrogenated Glucose Syrup | Plant | Humectant | Derived from starches,which originate from many different sources, and broken down by enzymes and water to form glucose, oligosaccharides, followed by maltitol and sorbitol (E420). |
967 | Xylitol | Plant / Microbes | Sweetener | Commercially obtained as a by-product of the pulp industry or extracted from birch, raspberries, plums and corn. |
1200 | Polydextrose A and N | Chemical | Bulking Agent / Stabilizer / Thickener / Humectant / Texturizer | Manufactured from glucose, citric acid and sorbitol. |
1201 | Polyvinylpyrrolidone | Chemical | Adjuvant / Emulsifier / Glazing Agent / Stabilizer / Thickener | Commercially produced from acetylene, hydrogen, formaldehyde and ammonia. |
1202 | Polyvinyl Polypyrrolidone | Chemical | Colour Stabilizer / Colloidal / Stabilizer | It is the insoluble form of polyvinylpyrrolidone (E1201). |
1400 | Dextrin | Plant | Thickener | Produced by the dry heating of unmodified starch or in the presence of acids and buffers. Starches used are mainly from corn (maize), sago and tapioca. |
1403 | Bleached Starch | Plant | Thickener | Obtained by treating native starch with various chemicals including hydrogen peroxide, sodium chloride or sulphur dioxide. |
1404 | Oxidised Starch | Plant | Thickener | Produced by treating native starch with sodium hypochlorite. |
1420 | Starch Acetate Esterified With Acetic Anhydried | Plant | Thickener | Produced by the esterification of native starch with a mixed anyhydride of adipic and acetic anyhydride, and stabilized with a ‘monosubstituent group’ of acetate. |
1421 | Starch Acetate Esterified With Vinyl Acetate | Plant | Thickener | Produced by the esterification of native starch with monosubstituent groups of vinyl acetate. |
1422 | Acetylated Distarch Adipate | Plant | Thickener | Produced by the esterification of native starch with a mixed anyhydride of adipic and acetic anyhydride. |
1440 | Hydroxypropyl Starch | Plant | Thickener | Produced by treating native starch with the Hydroxypropyl group. |
1450 | Starch, Sodium Octenylsuccinate | Plant | Thickener | Produced by treating native starch with an Octenylsuccinate half ester monosubstituent group. |